![]() ![]() Given the rapidly aging population, Cantonese-speaking patients are increasingly encountered in healthcare settings around the world. Over 65 million people in Hong Kong and China speak Cantonese as a first language. ![]() Cantonese-speaking people constitute an important subgroup of the population in many parts of the world. To-date, these tests are the most widely used cognitive screen tests in medical and social services in Hong Kong. The HK-MoCA, along with its abbreviated version, the HK-MoCA 5-minute Protocol, are officially listed as the cognitive screening tests for dementia by the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong. The HK-MoCA has been validated and investigated in a variety of clinical conditions including MCI, AD, stroke, cerebral small vessel disease and brain injury with age- and education-adjusted normative data available for classification. The Hong Kong version of the MoCA (HK-MoCA) is administered in the Cantonese language. The MoCA has been validated in a large number of conditions including stroke, dementia, psychiatric disorders, substance abuse and is increasingly used as the cognitive outcome measure in clinical trials (see for an updated list of publications) and is one of the most widely used cognitive screening tests around the world. It includes items to assess a broad range of cognitive domains and abilities including executive functions, visuospatial abilities, language, attention, working memory, abstraction and orientation. The MoCA is a 15-minute cognitive test developed for screening of MCI. A number of cognitive tests, for example, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Oxford Cognitive Screen and the Birmingham Cognitive Screen, have been developed to assess mild cognitive dysfunctions of various etiologies and are currently available in multiple languages. The Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) has been reported to be insensitive to detect mild cognitive dysfunction in different neurological disorders and it use is currently fee charging by a commercial company. Screening for mild NCD, therefore, requires cognitive instruments that are sensitive to subtle decline across a comprehensive set of cognitive domains. Furthermore, the diagnosis of Mild NCD requires a psychometric performance from -1 standard deviation (SD) relative to a matched normative group whereas MCI requires a comparatively more severe impairment from -1.5SD. For example, a predominant learning and memory impairment is expected in patients with NCD due to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), whereas NCD due to cerebrovascular disease is characterized by executive functions and attentional deficits. The profile of cognitive domains affected in NCD can be heterogeneous depending on the disease etiology. While Mild NCD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are conceptually similar, Mild NCD encompasses individuals with a milder, possibly earlier stage of cognitive decline compared to MCI. Mild NCD refers to a syndrome of cognitive decline that is of modest severity with minimal impact on daily functions. Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD) is a newly added diagnostic entity recently published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5 th Edition (DSM-5). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information file.įunding: This study was supported by the Chinese University of Hong Kong Direct Grant for Research (2014.2.020) to Adrian Wong, Health and Health Services Research Fund (06070231) to Vincent Mok, and General Research Fund of Research Grant Council (471911) to Vincent Mok. Received: JAccepted: ApPublished: May 23, 2018Ĭopyright: © 2018 Wong et al. PLoS ONE 13(5):Įditor: Sonia Brucki, University Of São Paulo, BRAZIL (2018) Validity and reliability of two alternate versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Hong Kong version) for screening of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder. Citation: Wong A, Yiu S, Nasreddine Z, Leung K-t, Lau A, Soo YOY, et al. ![]()
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